Definitions of Online Apa Essay Writing Services

Definitions of Online Apa Essay Writing Services Writing services can offer you. It's important here to be able to remember it cannot be shifted and that there's a citation filed. Intellectual property should be honored. Certainly requires the expert services of professional. If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Online Apa Essay Writing Services Additionally, your academic level and the subject don't influence the grade of the paper in the slightest. Also, you are supposed to interest the reader and represent your competence in a particular issue. Along with that, you have to have a comprehensive grasp of the APA referencing format. One of them is the problem of plagiarism. GMAT essays aren't as vital as quant and verbal, but it's still true that you have to do a decent enough job. Despite the fact that you pay for homework, we provide those options at no cost. Thus, we offer you mentors that may permit you to go your examinations easily. What's more, aside from the countless papers on distinct subjects, you may have a number of other responsibilities which require significant attention. Online Apa Essay Writing Services Secrets Essay writing is so critical, so here is what you can do to assist your son or daughter write excellent ones! If you lack technical writing skills then it's near impossible to compose a research paper. Research paper writing service is just one of the most well-known services offered by Dissertation India. Our customized research paper writing service is bespoke according to your instructions. A personalized essay writing service is a superb means to manage your assignments whenever you don't have sufficient time to finish them all. At the start of its origin, APA style was produced to simplify scientific writing and make it simpler for scholars to understand each other. Purchase your academic papers from us and find the top excellent writing. Paper writing service providing well-written customized essays at inexpensive prices. Writing essays is a vital area of the college experience and can be made much easier by hiring professionals. Aussie Essay Writer website is where you will get all kinds of essays. Writing an Essay demands a lot of commitment and hard work. Essay writing assignments might be a hard and time-consuming experience. Selecting an excellent essay writer company may secure a person the help they want. You're ready to employ an on the on-line essay author to aid you with any form of project. The secret to writing a great essay is to make it. If you obtain essay on the net, you ought to have a bigger prospect of passing well. There's, naturally, a limit on the variety of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we can satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. Thoroughly researching the several essay writing companies in your region is the one and only way you can possibly make the perfect hire the very first time around. Our professional writers have years of experience within this area and they can assist you with any written work! It is wise that you elect for an authority in this discipline of writing since these sites have many persons that are only a beginner in this area, and they might or might not have the capability to follow along with your requirements. Additionally, should you've received the assignment and see something you want to change there, you can ask for absolutely free revision that's given to each customer for 14 days after delivering the buy. You need to read the customer review for checking the credibility of the website. Besides that, the customer has every one of the alternatives to examine his APA paper problems with us at any moment. He has all the options to get his paper revised if he thinks that he is not satisfied on a complete scale. Laying out just what is needed will make it simple for the writing service to obtain the perfect outcomes. You're in the proper location. When you compose a resume for the very first time, then it could get you a bit of prospect for you to put every thing and make your CV appear presentable. Taking the opportunity to check over what the authors have to offer can help an individual make the perfect decision on which to use. Get immediate professional academic assistance from the experts that are hired by our customized paper writing service. Ideally, you would like to seek the services of an organization that allows at least two edits on the paper you are spending for. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, along with make sure you are getting the very best service our company may deliver. In this instance, assuming the essay-writing services are in fact providing.

The Naivety of Holden Caulfield and America Exposed in The...

With every articulated drop of knowledge and accentuated measure of experience, comes a vast crescendo of soundness and wisdom. Acquiring these necessities of life may take a person, or a nation, decades of determination and desire for change to develop. If not given enough time, however, the individual or nation might descend and linger in a stage of naivety—where knowledge is too scarce to truly understand and evaluate all the experiences they have gone through in the world. Our nation is, and has always been, a nation succumbing to the weakness of our naivety due to the critical lack of the incandescent wisdom and maturity it needed in order for peace to prevail. In J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye, the young character named†¦show more content†¦Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, presented a young, naà ¯ve, and intelligent male teenager named Holden Caulfield whose independent lifestyle and philosophical anxieties mirrored that of our na tion’s unworldly ways. First off, Holden was a mere 16-year-old at the time. His youthfulness was bounded by a reign of vulnerability and confusion, leaving him with a sense of being out of place in society. â€Å"When I finally got down off the radiator and went out to the hat-check room, I was crying and all. I don’t know why, but I was. I guess it was because I was feeling so damn depressed and lonesome† (Salinger 153). These subtle traces of teenage angst and disarray shown in Holden’s character provided precise evidence towards the fact that a person’s age was a critical contribution to his/her power to gather wisdom. Holden was also left confused and sickened by human behavior due to the death of his brother Allie. He was subconsciously comparing everyone in society to Allie, because Allie symbolized the last spark of innocence that he was exposed to. People around Holden were all eventually interpreted as ‘phonies’ as they each grew up and accepted reality. He reached the point to where he could not even sit through a movie or a play without caring about whether or not the actors would make any phony moves. â€Å"The trouble with me

Gender Inequality Essay Example For Students

Gender Inequality Essay The issue of Gender Inequality Essay is one which has been publicly reverberating through society for decades. The problem of inequality in employment being one of the most pressing issues today. In order to examine this situation one must try to get to the root of the problem and must understand the sociological factors that cause women to have a much more difficult time getting the same benefits, wages, and job opportunities as their male counterparts. The society in which we live has been shaped historically by males. The policy-makers have consistently been male and therefore it is not surprising that our society reflects those biases which exist as a result of this male-domination. It is important to examine all facets of this problem, but in order to fully tackle the issue one must recognize that this inequality in the workforce is rooted in what shapes future employees and employers education. This paper will examine the inequalities in policy, actual teaching situations, admission to post-secondary institutions, hiring, and job benefits and wages. It will also tackle what is being done to solve this problem and what can be done to remedy the situation. The late 1960s brought on the first real indication that feminist groups were concerned with the education system in North America. The focus of these feminist groups captured the attention of teachers, parents, and students. At first the evidence for inequality in schooling was based on no more than specific case studies and anecdotal references to support their claims but as more people began to show concern for the situation, more conclusive research was done to show that the claims of inequality were in fact valid and definitely indicated a problem with the way that schools were educating the future adults of society. One of the problems which became apparent was the fact that the policy-makers set a curriculum which, as shown specifically through textbooks, was sexist and for the most part still is. Textbooks are one of the most important tools used in educating students whether they are elementary school storybooks or university medical textbooks. It is therefore no surprise that these books are some of the most crucial information sources that a student has throughout their schooling. Many studies have been done examining the contents of these books to reveal the amount of sexism displayed in these educational tools. The results clearly show that gender inequality definitely runs rampant in textbooks some of the sexism subtle and some overt. To begin with, it is apparent that historical texts show a distorted view of women by portraying them unfairly and inaccurately and neglecting to mention important female figures, instead opting to describe their sometimes less influential male counterparts. Elementary and secondary school textbooks are also guilty of gender bias. In elementary and secondary school textbooks, sexism takes many forms. Boys predominate in stories for children; they outnumber girls 5 to 2. When girls are present in texts, they are almost always younger than the boys they are interacting with, which thus makes them foils for the boys greater experience and knowledge a situation commonly referred to as the ninny sister syndrome. Girls are shown to be far more passive than are boys and to engage in fewer activities. In fact, sometimes grown women are portrayed who rely on small boys (often their young sons) to help them out of difficulty. (Fishel and Pottker 1977. p. 8) Surprisingly it is not only these hidden forms of sexism that appear in textbooks. One study found sixty-five stories that openly belittled girls (two were found that belittled boys). Another study pointed out an instance where Mark, of the Harper Row Mark and Janet series, states: Just look at her. She is just like a girl. How Does Gatsby Represent The American Dream EssayThis is shown very crudely in the book Careers for Women in Canada which was published in 1946 and written by a woman. The book devotes almost 200 pages to pursuing careers in such fields as catering, sewing, being a secretary, interior decorating, the arts, teaching, and nursing while it only allocates 30 pages to medicine, law, dentistry, engineering, optometry, and more combined. The following quote clearly illustrates the beliefs of the more liberal people of that time. Some women have specialized in surgery. There can be no doubt but that a capable woman may operate very successfully on women and children, though it is doubtful whether a man would call in the services of a female surgeon except in an emergency. (Carriere 1946, p. 234) Although much has improved since the 1940s, the enrollment numbers in university programs clearly indicate that women still have a long way to go before gender is not an issue. After choosing a career path, women enter the workplace with a disadvantage. They have the same financial responsibilities as men with regards to supporting families and themselves and much of the time they have an even heavier burden because there are many women in todays society who are single mothers. Given that there is no question that the need for money is identical it can, therefore, be concluded that there is a major problem with the wage structure in todays jobs. The wage gap clearly shows that society as a whole puts more value on the work of males than on the same work done by females. The facts that have been displayed above howing that education is itself a sexist institution perhaps explain why there is this inequality once schooling is finished. The fact that textbooks show males as being more successful than females, that teachers set assignments which reinforce gender stereotypes and sex roles, the fact that masculine behaviour is reinforced while feminine behaviour is condemned, and the fact that women are encouraged to choose certain career paths all validate the claim that the gender inequality in employment situations can be directly related to the way that children are educated.

Night Essays (649 words) - Holocaust Literature, Night,

Night Wiesel's Night is about what the Holocaust did, not just to the Jews, but by extension, to humanity. People all over the world were devastated by this atrocious act, and there are still people today who haven't overcome the effects. One example of the heinous acts of the Germans that stands out occurs at the end of the war, when Elie and the rest of the camp of Buna is being forced to transfer to Gleiwitz. This transfer is a long, arduous, and tiring journey for all that are involved. The weather is painfully cold, and snow fell heavily; the distance is greater than most people today will even dream of walking. The huge mass of people is often forced to run, and if one collapses, is injured, or simply can no longer bear the pain, they are shot or trampled without pity. An image that secures itself in Elie's memory is that of Rabbi Eliahou's son's leaving the Rabbi for dead. The father and son are running together when the father begins to grow tired. As the Rabbi falls farther and fa rther behind his son, his son runs on, pretending not to see what is happening to his father. This spectacle causes Elie to think of what he would do if his father ever became as weak as the Rabbi did. He decides that he would never leave his father, even if staying with him would be the cause of his death. The German forces are so adept at breaking the spirits of the Jews that we can see the effects throughout Elie's novel. Elie's faith in God, above all other things, is strong at the onset of the novel, but grows weaker as it goes on. We see this when Elie's father politely asks the gypsy where the lavatories are. Not only does the gypsy not grace his father with a response, but he also delivers a blow to his head that sent him to the floor. Elie watches the entire exhibition, but doesn't even blink. He realizes that nothing, not even his faith in God, can save him from the physical punishment that would await him if he tried to counterattack the gypsy. If the gypsy's attack had come just one day earlier, Elie probably would have struck back. However, the effect of the spiritual beating by the Germans was already being felt. The incident that perhaps has the greatest effect on Elie is the hanging of the pipel. He is a young boy with an innocent face who is condemned to death because he is implicated in a conspiracy, which results in a German building being destroyed. When the time for the hanging approaches, the Lagerkapo refuses to kick out the chair, so SS officers are assigned to do it. Unlike the necks of those he is hanged with, the young boy's neck does not break when he falls, and he suffers for over a half-hour. The suffering of the child is comparable to the suffering endured by many Jews during the Holocaust. He fought for his life, at times even seeing a bit of hope, only to be destroyed in the end. The Jews fought for everything they had, from their possessions at the beginning, to their lives at the end. The result, however, was the same. At the end of the war, Elie looks into the mirror, and says he saw a corpse. This corpse is Elie's body, but it has been robbed of its soul. This is similar to the loss suffered by people all over the world. Those not directly involved with the Holocaust were still alive physically, but their mind and spirit had long been dead. By the end of the war, Elie loses all of his faith in God and his fellow man, and this is the most difficult obstacle to overcome when he is released. Book Reports

Drug Testing of Employees is Ethical Essays

Drug Testing of Employees is Ethical Essays Drug Testing of Employees is Ethical Paper Drug Testing of Employees is Ethical Paper â€Å"The term drug testing refers to the analysis of biological material to detect drugs or their metabolites in the body. Urine tests are most common in the UK, but saliva, sweat and hair can be tested. For alcohol, breath tests are most common. Drug testing at work takes a variety of forms, including pre-employment testing, random testing of employees and post-accident testing. † (Drug testing in the workplace: Summary conclusions of the Independent Inquiry into Drug Testing at Work) Drugs are a source to damage one’s life, through the misuse of drugs one can be indulged in many heinous activities. Heroine, hashish, etc. and nearly all the items used in cigarettes, cigars are drugs. Drugs are a source to indulge a strong and healthy man into a world of depression and tiredness. A man or a person who is a drug addict feels very depressed and he is often a patient of hypertension. Drug addicts also feel inferior or superior and that is the reason why half percent of the drug addicts are patients of superiority or inferiority complexion. According to the opinions of many analysts, companies even high schools should organize drug testing campaigns so that beside asking good care of drug addicts they could also save people who could get harm from the rising number of drug patients in the esteemed organization. The leftist or the people who are against this activity suggest that an employee or a student who is a drug addict feels ashamed when he is tested in front of many people. First Argument My first argument in this regard is that the employer and the respected institution have the right to test their employees to save the prestige of their organization. People who are drug addicts often do use drugs in their workplace, which is also harmful for other employees joined with the organization. â€Å"Most U. S. states sanction some sort of drug testing in the workplace, but many dont regulate it much. In these states, employers may legally ask you to drop your drawers and urinate in a vial, for any reason or no reason at all. They dont need a warrant or even probable cause, as they do to legally justify violating your other rights. † (Drug Testing in the Workplace) One person who is neglected after being may time doubtful has many severe and negative impacts on other normal people and soon a sudden change in their behavior is noticed. Companies usually do this to save their other employees from the destruction of drugs so that workplace sanity should also be maintained. â€Å"Employee drug testing programs help protect the health and safety of all employees, and mitigate the costs associated with having drug abusers on the payroll. They provide early identification, and the ability to refer employees with substance abuse problems for treatment. The integration of drug screening procedures with appropriate drug education and treatment programs is proving not only to be an effective way of managing substance abuse, but also a valuable tool in achieving positive employee relations, delivering significant cost savings, and providing corporations with a competitive advantages. † (Employee Drug Testing. Drug Testing Company. Workplace Drug testing. Avitar Inc. ) Second Argument My second argument in this regard is an employee’s health. â€Å"There was a time in the United States when your business was also your bosss business. At the turn of the century, company snooping was pervasive and privacy almost nonexistent. Your boss had the right to know whom you lived with, what you drank, whether you went to church, or to what political groups you belonged. † (Drug testing in the Workplace lectlaw. com/files/emp02. htm) As it is well said that health is wealth, it is. Besides maintaining a better and a peaceful workplace environment it is also a tough job to take care of the health of employees. When employees get towards drugs they start to go towards a world where there is nothing except depression and frustration. Their behavior with all the people in their surroundings start to differ in many ways and in this type they gradually lose all their contacts. It is too late when they come out from this disastrous activity known as drug taking. Employees also face great loss not only from their job but also from their homes. They do not get the required comfort which a person requires in his or hers home because every day drug taking and everyday dose also depresses the people in the surroundings but the most worse impact of this activity is on the family members with which the person is living because the people have to face many other people. Besides that they have to tackle many more problems, which appear from this one worse habit of drug taking. Many people have been fired or suspended from their employments just because this disastrous habit of drug taking. After prolonged period of unemployment the person who is facing distress and disturbance from everywhere tries to commit suicide and even succeeds in its mission but those people never think of what their families have to face. Third Aargument My third argument is that through this approach of employees, the esteemed organizations in which they are working have a great negative impact on their image. Besides that they have to face a lot of financial losses just because the drugs dealing and drugs addiction in the office premises. People who are against this activity of testing employees for drugs ask the question that why companies do drug tests of their employees as it is unethical and one may feel very afraid and frightened during this testing process. The answer to this question is very simple that when employers of a company are unaware of what their employees are doing, these companies may loss their reputations as well as have to bear great damages and losses. For example, if one day a company gets a police raid and there some of the employees are caught during drug addiction then the whole blame would be put onto the organization that they should have kept a check and balance on their employees. After receiving numerous complaints for drugs use, many governments of the western countries have implemented a law that the firms should be prior responsible for taking the drug test of all of the employees which are working under their kind consideration. This will reduce the drug cases and all of the terminology that is creating misuse of drugs in the working or professional environment. Through, the drug testing, employees and employer both can lead happy professional and personal lives, as everyone in this world requires a life free of depression and tiredness. Objections of First Argument A drug addict can hurt many people in many ways. Drug addicts according to a research not only hurt people physically but they have great impacts on other people’s minds when they hurt them mentally or emotionally. When a drug addict is unconscious at its workplace he can answer the simplest question very badly and sometimes they even reveal the secrets or domestic problems of their close colleagues, which results in misunderstandings. â€Å"In order to receive the benefits of the law, employers must implement a comprehensive policy and must adhere to specific collection, testing, and confidentiality procedures. † (State Law) However if a person who secures a high post in the company is a drug addict then it would be of a great loss to the company for the person when not in his or hers real senses will behave madly with people and all the clients who come to visit the companies and see the efforts made by the employees in maintaining all sorts of disciplinary environment. In this regard many analysts and researchers term workplace drug test a good and positive thinking and this should be implemented in all countries, which do not have this law in their respected organizations. Analysts further suggest that employees should be medically, mentally and physically checked once in a month so that if their medical reports have any sorts of discrepancy in them they could be terminated immediately and the firm should be saved from any kind of blurred image. Firms have the right to suspend any of their employees but when they have any prove against the respected employee. According to a web research in many countries especially the European and the American countries. The European and American countries have laws implemented on them by the state governments that every employee should be checked before he or she should be employed in the organization. Objections of Second Argument Drugs not only destroy the mental capabilities but they have a so strong grip that if their grip tightens and tightens, nobody would be able to come back from the blunder of drugs addiction, and if he or she will not commit suicide to run away from the responsibilities, drugs will take away their prestigious life and then they would be saying good bye to the drugs at their last breaths. â€Å"Employee drug testing programs help protect the health and safety of all employees, and mitigate the costs associated with having drug abusers on the payroll. They provide early identification, and the ability to refer employees with substance abuse problems for treatment. The integration of drug screening procedures with appropriate drug education and treatment programs is proving not only to be an effective way of managing substance abuse, but also a valuable tool in achieving positive employee relations, delivering significant cost savings, and providing corporations with a competitive advantage. † (Employee drug testing Avitar Inc. ) According to the second argument it has been proven through strong proves that employees who are drug addicts face great loss from everywhere if they are physically and mentally ill just because they enter the blunder known as drug addiction. Employees who use drugs definitely suffer in the workplaces as well as in all phases of their lives. Their minds would be in their control and can’t take quick and effective decisions. This eventually led to the losses of the companies as their mental capabilities have been reduced immensely due to the drugs use. Thus, it can be fair to say that drugs use is a loss for both the employee and the employer. Objections of Third Argument Through this act of the employees’ companies go into a great loss and lose not only their prestigious image but also they have to pay fines to the court, and often their licenses are also cancelled. â€Å"Employee drug testing is unfortunately one of the most controversial and troublesome issues facing American employers. Rising employee turnover, absenteeism, tardiness, on-the-job accidents, health benefit utilization and costs, workers compensation claims, inventory shrinkage and employee theft, lowered productivity, and workplace violence are problems directly attributable to substance abuse. Employer concern and action are equally warranted these problems cost to the U. S. workplace well over $110 billion each and every year. † (Employee drug testing Avitar Inc. ) Drugs use in the workplace or drugs trafficking in a workplace is not an ethical as well legal activity. It is vital to control these activities in the workplaces but this drug testing could backlash the companies in the form suspension or cancellation of their licenses – they might suffer with heavy fines. This could be a very difficult decision for companies to go for drug testing because of the aforementioned reason. This problem can be handled by the company’s internal strong policies or counseling with that employee. Don’t take any legal action or severe action against the employee as it might lead to the court that could lead to cancellation of licenses and heavy fines as well as loss of the entire company’s reputation. Thus, always avoid law suits and legal actions against your employees, especially in drugs cases as it could put the company in a big trouble. Conclusion According to latest research and thesis based upon facts one thing has been cleared that through one disastrous habit of an employee the firm or the reputable company goes into great damage. Companies have to face a loss of their clients, havoc and violence at their workplace, through this activity many other people in the surroundings of the company environment get ill or mentally sick because of some other people who adopt the immature habit of drug addiction. â€Å"Seven anti-drug-testing laws were enacted in the late 1980s. Since that time, no anti-drug-testing laws have been enacted at the state level (Puerto Rico did adopt one), and two of the original seven anti-drug-testing laws have been repealed and replaced with a pro-drug-testing law ( Iowa) or modified significantly and acceptably ( Montana). † (Jackson Lewis States Enact Mostly Pro-testing Workplace Drug Laws) Drug addiction is something, which destroys a person from everywhere. For the employer and the employee it creates great problems as the employee gets rid of its job or employment and later on he ends his life by himself or herself or drugs end his or hers life but the employer has to face many things besides that such as loss of huge sum of amount and court proceedings as well as a spot on the company’s name. Besides that entire drug testing of employees, it is termed legal from the side of the government and it is ethical too because it is better to end those disastrous and harmful activities than to end one’s life and creating problems for other people. Drug Testing in the Workplace http://jobsearchtech. about. com/od/laborlaws/l/aa090301. htm Accessed, June 9, 2007 Drug testing in the workplace:Summary conclusions of the Independent Inquiry into Drug Testing at Work jrf. org. uk/knowledge/findings/foundations/694. asp Accessed, June 9, 2007 Drug testing and employee monitoring: Directgov Employment direct. gov. uk/en/Employment/Employees/HealthAndSafetyAtWork/DG_10026594 Accessed, June 9, 2007 Drug Testing in the Workplace lectlaw. com/files/emp02. htm Accessed, June 9, 2007 Employee drug testing Avitar Inc. avitarinc. com/Drug_Testing/employee-drug-testing. cfm Accessed, June 9, 2007 Accessed, June 9, 2007 Employee Drug Testing. Drug Testing Company. Workplace Drug testing. Avitar Inc. avitarinc. com/ Accessed, June 9, 2007 Jackson Lewis States Enact Mostly Pro-testing Workplace Drug Laws jacksonlewis. com/legalupdates/article. cfm? aid=929 Accessed, June 9, 2007 State Law dol. gov/asp/programs/drugs/said/StateLaw. asp? id=786 Accessed, June 9, 2007

SAT Scoring Error Get Someone Elses Scores By Mistake

SAT Scoring Error Get Someone Else's Scores By Mistake SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Did you get your SAT scores back and were surprised by how low they were?Do you think that you may have gotten someone else’s scores by mistake or that there was another scoring error? SAT scoring mistakesare rare, but they do happen. This guide will go over the steps you need to take in order to verify your scores, as well as what you should do to improve your score on future SATs if there was no scoring error. Did the College Board Make an SAT Mistake? It’s very rare for the College Board, the organizationthat designs and distributes the SAT, to make a mistake, but it does happen.One recent example occurred in June 2016, when the College Board incorrectly printed the amount of time students had on a certain section of the SAT, resulting in a lot of stress and anxiety for test takers.In 2006, about 4,000 students received incorrectly low scoreson their SAT because of problems with the scanning of their answer sheets. So the College Board does make mistakes. However, it's important to know that these mistakes are very rare. The vast majority of students who take the SAT have a problem-free experience, both during the test and when receiving their scores.Before you begin the process of verifying your scores, you should be aware that it is very unlikely your test was scored incorrectly. The most likely scenario is that you simply didn’t do as well on the SAT as you expected to.This can be disappointing to hear, and you may wish this were a world where the College Board descends from the heavens and tells you that there's been a big mistake, and that you really scored 400 points higher than originally reported. However, at some point you do have to overcome denial and focus on improving your scores for future exams. It's also important to remember that, if there was a mistake, fixing it may not always raise your scores. Sometimes, correcting a scoring error will lower your SAT score, and there is no way to undo this, as all adjusted scores are final. Potential Causes of SAT Scoring Errors There are multiple reasons a test may have been scored incorrectly. Below are some of the most common causes of scoring errors. Errors Caused by the College Board Sending a test taker the wrong score report. Incorrectly printing a question or section time on a test booklet. Problems with scanning answer sheets or essays. Errors Caused by the Test Taker Filling answers in for the wrong section. Filling in the wrong test identifying code. Writing the essay with pen instead of pencil. Incorrectly filling in answer bubbles (e.g. not filling the bubble in all the way, not shading dark enough, etc.). (Josh Davis/Flickr) How to Learn If There Was a Scoring Error There are a couple of actions you can take to determine whether your score is really the result of an error. Review Your Free Score Report Before taking any action, you should carefully review your official score report, which you will receive about five weeks after you take the SAT.On your score report, you can see how many questions you answered correctly, how many you answered incorrectly, and how many questions you didn’t answer at all.It also allows you to see a copy of your essay. Your score report also breaks down your results based on SAT section, question type, and question difficulty.Check over these numbers and see if there is anything unusual about them. For example, does your score report state that you omitted four answers when you are certain you didn’t skip any questions?If you believe there is a mistake with your score report, proceed to the next step. Request Student Answer Verification If you believe your SAT scores are incorrect, College Board offers two student verification services, although only one is available for each test. Even if you don't suspect that your exam was graded incorrectly, these services can be very helpful for future studying because they can help you identify the specific areas where you need to improve. You can order these services when you register for the SAT or up to five months after you take the test.If you are ordering after you registered for the SAT, you can order online by visiting MySAT and selecting â€Å"Order Verification† under â€Å"My Scores.† You can also order byphone or via post. 1. Question and Answer Service This service is available for May test-takers worldwide and October and January test-takers in the US and Canada.If you order the Question and Answer Service, you will receive: A booklet containing the SAT questions from the exam, as well as your answers to each of the questions. The test answer key. Information for each question that states what subject the question is asking about and how difficult the question is. Question and Answer Service costs $18.00 (if you didn’t have a fee waiver), and materials will be mailed 6-8 weeks after the exam. 2. Student Answer Service This service is available for all other test dates that don't offer Question and Answer Service. If you order this service you'llreceive a computer generated report containing: Which question numbers you answered correctly, which you answered incorrectly, and which questions you didn’t answer. Information about the type of test questions and level of difficulty for each question. This information is more in-depth than your free score report because it tells you for each question if you got it right, wrong, or left it blank. However, unlike the Question and Answer Service, the actual test questions and answers are not included.Student Answer Service costs $13.50 (if you didn’t have a fee waiver), and materials will be mailed 6-8 weeks after the exam. If, after ordering a verification service, you still believe your SAT scores are incorrect, you can also request hand-scoring. Request Hand Scoring The final option you have is to request hand scoring of your exam. Hand scoring is the most rigorous score verification service that College Board offers, and ifyou order it, your entire multiple-choice answer sheet and/or your essay will be manually reviewed. You can request hand scoring if, after ordering student answer verification, you still believe your exam was graded incorrectly. In most cases you'll want to order student answer verification before hand scoring because student answer verification is cheaper and can give you a lot of useful information that, in most cases, convinces you that your test was graded properly.However, you can also order hand scoring without ordering student answer verification firstif you think there is an issue that will be solved by hand scoring. It's also important to note that, if you order hand scoring, you will be unable to order student answer verification services afterward if you hadn't already ordered them. Reasons to request hand scoring before student answer verification: You think you wrote your essay with pen instead of pencil. Your essay isn’t visible on your free score report. You think you bubbled youranswers in on the wrong section. You think youused the wrong test identifying code. You can request hand scoring for your multiple choice answers, your essay, or both. Having your multiple choice answers and your essay hand scored each cost $55, or $27.50 each if you had a fee waiver. Hand Scoring for Multiple-Choice Questions If you want to have your multiple-choice answers hand scored, your entire answer sheet will be reviewed; you cannot request hand scoring for only certain sections of the test.If the person hand scoring your exam finds that you marked your answers correctly, but there was a mistake in the scanning or scoring process, then your hand scoring fee will be refunded, and your score will be updated. If it’s found that you made an â€Å"obvious error† on your answer sheet, such as filling answers in on the wrong section or using the wrong test identifying code, then your score will be updated, but your hand scoring fee will not be refunded. If it’s found that you did not follow instructions for filling in answers (for example, you didn’t completely fill in answer bubbles or filled in multiple circles in a single row/column), your score will not be changed, and you will not be refunded the hand scoring fee. Hand Scoring for the Essay If you request hand scoring of your essay, be aware that your essay will NOT be reread.Hand scoring of your essay only includes determining whether there was an error in the scanning or processing of the essay scores assigned by the two graders who read your essay. If an error is found, your score will be adjusted and you will be refunded your hand scoring fee. If you wrote your essay in pen, it may not have scanned properly. You can check this by looking at your free online score report, where a scanned copy of your essay is visible. If the essay is unreadable or appears blank, you may want to request that it be hand scored.If you wrote your essay in pen, you will not have your hand scoring fee refunded, even if your essay score changes. Considerations to Keep in Mind if You Request Hand Scoring Hand scoring can be requested up to five months after taking the SAT.You can request it by completing and mailing a Request for SAT Score Verification form. If you have any information that you think would be helpful (such as if you know you wrote your essay in pen or think you used the wrong test identifying code), report it to the College Board's Customer Serviceat the same time you submit the form. If you order hand scoring, you will be mailed a letter confirming the results of your multiple-choice or essay hand score verification within five weeks after your request and payment are received. If you order hand score verification, you will no longer be able to see your free online score report and you will no longer have access to the Student Answer Service or Question-and-Answer Service.Hand scored reports can only be requested once per test, and once they are completed, they are final and cannot be appealed or reordered. After going through the above steps, you will know whether or not College Board made an error while grading or sending your scores. What if there was no mistake, and that really is the score you got? Read on to find out what to do. Don't despair if there wasn't a grading error. There are ways to raise your score! What to Do If There Wasn't a Scoring Error First of all, don’t feel like it is the end of the world if your SAT score is lower than you thought it would be. Your standardized test scores are only one component of your college applications, and you likely have time to retake the SAT and aim for a higher score. The College Board also offers a service called Score Choice that allows you to choose which SAT scores you send to schools. As long as the schools you’re applying to don’t require you to send all your SAT scores (and we have a complete list of schools that require all SAT scores sent), then a low SAT score will not affect your application if you retake the SAT and receive a higher score. It is also normal for your SAT scores to fluctuate a bit. Drops in score of up to 150 points are normal and can occur just due to chance. This is especially true if you had a high score (680+) on previous SAT sections. Check out our guide to learn more about changes in SAT scoresand what a normal drop is and isn’t. Read on to learn strategies to help improve your scores on future SATs. How to Improve Your SAT Score Identify and Focus on Your Weak Areas Take some time to look over your score report. It has a lot of useful information, including how many questions you got wrong in each section as well as how well you did on specific subject areas within those sections.For example, you’ll be able to see not only how well you did on the Math section, but how well you did in different subjects such as Algebra and Geometry. If you ordered one of the student answer verification services, you should review those materials as well to get more information. Make note of the areas where you answered the most questions incorrectly and focus on them for your future studying.How can you improve a low section score? Check out these section guides: SAT Critical Reading The Ultimate Guide for SAT Reading The 4 SAT Reading Strategies You Must Use SAT Math The Complete Guide to Fractions and Ratios The Critical SAT Math Strategy You Must Know SAT Writing The Complete Guide for SAT Writing The Top7 SAT Writing Tips to Boost Your Score Practice, Practice, Practice Don’t be under-prepared for your next try at the SAT! Even though you’ve already taken the test before, you’ll still need to study and practice for the next time.A great way to do this is to take complete, strictly timed practice tests.Doing so will help you track your progress over time and help you identify where you are improving and where you still need to practice. We have links to multiple official SAT practice tests. Taking complete practice SATs will also give you a more accurate estimate of what your score will be on a real SAT than taking one section at a time would.Review your results for these practice tests carefully so you learn what mistakes you made and how to avoid making them again in the future. Consider Hiring a Tutor or Taking a Prep Course Sometimes, having a study plan developed by someone else is the best way to effectively target your weak areas and raise your score.There are a lot of great tutors and prep courses.Read our guide on finding the best tutor for you. Be Ready for Test Day Simple logistics can be enough to have a significant impact on your test scores.On test day, make sure you are confident and prepared so you don’t let any outside circumstances affect your scores. Get enough sleep the night before the exam, bring a snack with you on test day, and know how to get to your test center. Having these things set will help you focus all your concentration on the test.Also, make sure you give yourself enough time before retaking the SAT. Around two-fourmonths is recommended so that you have enough time to practice and improve. Are you prepared? Summary It’s very rare for the College Board to send incorrect SAT scores, but it does happen. If you are surprised by how low your SAT scores are, there is a process you can go through to get your scores verified, but be aware that they are most likely correct. To verify your scores, order a Student Answer Verification service. If you are still not confident that your scores are correct, you can also request hand scoring of your multiple choice questions and essay. There is a fee for each of these services, and they must be requested within five months of taking the test. If there was no scoring error, there are multiple ways you can improve your score, including analyzing your score reports, taking practice tests, and using a tutor or prep program. You can find more information about SAT score verification on the College Board's website. What's Next? Are you interested in a test prep program? PrepScholar has the industry's leading SAT and ACT prep program.Built byHarvard grads and full scorers, the programlearns your strengths and weaknessesthrough advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Try a 5-day risk-free trial for theSATor ACT today! Also, check out our ultimate study guide to SAT prep. Covering every section of the SAT, this guide combines our best SAT study materials on one page. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Persuasion and Argumentation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Persuasion and Argumentation - Research Paper Example sitized children through operant and classical conditioning, while also presenting role models of violence; nevertheless, some of Grossman’s claims have to be checked for their accuracy and generalization effects. Grossman effectively uses ethos to establish his credentials as someone who knows what he is saying when it comes to training people to kill. He describes his profession and experiences with the army to underline that he has valid empirical and anecdotal knowledge, which can back up his claims. He says that he has travelled the world to train medical, law enforcement, and military personnel sharing knowledge about warfare conditions. He also claims to be an expert in â€Å"killology† because he is a psychologist and a former U.S. Army Scout Ranger. Killology is a new branch of science that concerns the study of how and why people kill each other during war, as well as the causes of violence. His credentials and experiences are important to ethos because he effectively establishes his background and proficiency on this matter. He stresses that he possess an insider experience and he can see valid parallels between training soldiers to kill and how the media trains children to kill as well. His beliefs support numerous studies, such as those from Daly and Perez in 2009 and Huston-Stein et al. in 1981, where exposing pre-school children to media violence increased aggressive behaviors and decreased pro-social behaviors. These studies are similar to the studies and experiences that Grossman mentions, which strengthens his credibility as a valid critic of the effects of violence in media on children. Grossman uses simple emotional images to evoke revulsion for media violence. In a study which explains the connection between TV violence and actual violence, he stresses that it takes fifteen years to condition people to kill. He says that the â€Å"prime crime age† is 15 years because â€Å"that is how long it takes for you to reap what you have sown when you

Walmart's Implementation, Strategic Controls, and Contingency Plans Essay

Walmart's Implementation, Strategic Controls, and Contingency Plans - Essay Example One of the main issues that had become the root of all problems was its core values of providing low prices always. Some of the strategies that the company had implemented into achieving these policies were called into question. One of the important objectives of implementing the strategy for change management was to revive the falling sales and get the company back on growth platform. One of the turnaround factors for wall mart that is going to lift it out of the stage that it is currently in is to grow leaders at all stage. To grow leaders at all stage of the organizations among both the managerial and non managerial workforce is to impart them adequate training. Since wall mart is a large multinational organization so to impart training at large scale will require adequate planning. The plan to grow leaders at all stage of the organization should be done step by step (Walmart Inc, 2006b). The plan should be first inducted as a training module for a single branch and then slowly spread into other branches at first in a country, then in a continent and then through all the continents. Before going into next step of the process the company must first ensure that the first step has been successful with clear and positive results. The company by utilizing its innovative CRM tools has huge pile of customer data that it has collected over the years. A simple strategy would be look into what has changed in the customers buying behavior. If the customers are moving towards other store why on earth are they doing so? The key is to analyze the key lacunas and fix them. One of the key areas where wall mart might be lacking as compared to its competitors is that in a drive to give its customers â€Å"Always low prices. Always† the company gives discriminatory wages to its employees. So the company suffers from low employee productivity as compared to many of its competitors (Cascio, 2006b). Costco produced $21,805 in operating profit per hourly employee. This is

United States and New York Times Essay Example for Free

United States and New York Times Essay What is the article or editorial about (100-150 words)? A 14 year old girl, Malala Yousafzai was shot in head and neck by Taliban while she was in her school bus with fellow students. Malala Yousafzai, who raised her voice for the education rights and opposed Taliban for their actions against women education in her home town, was a symbol of pride for the region. Malala came into attention in 2009 when she was covered by many international media groups for her brave initiative fighting for women rights. She was awarded by many organizations including the government of Pakistan. Malala was taken to a hospital in Peshawar and doctors said that there is a chance that the bullet would have damaged her brain. Many people including the Prime minister of Pakistan Condemned the incident. What are your thoughts? For instance, how does it relate to what we have discussed in class (100-150 words)? I cannot imagine how ignorant one can be and what guts it takes for someone to attack a 14 years old girl who raised her opinion for education rights. Taliban who call themselves the protectors of Islam do not even know that attacking children and elderly is strictly prohibited in Islam and that Islam has given equal rights of education to women. These incidents create a negative image of a region all over the world. We discussed about the women rights in class and that it is not like this everywhere in Pakistan, in fact this action was opposed by everyone in the country. This action by the Taliban determines how coward they have portrayed themselves. It takes a lot  of courage for a girl to come out of nowhere and fight for the rights humanity. In my opinion her efforts created a lot of awareness among the people in the country and especially her region where the literacy rate is less than 50 percent.

The Success of Gateway Computer :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

The Success of Gateway Computer Gateway 2000 was formed by Ted Waitt(CEO), in September 1985, in Sioux City, Iowa. The company was founded along with Senior Vice president Mike Hammond. In 1990, as the company began to blossom it was moved to its current location in North Sioux City, South Dakota. They formed Gateway 2000 with one goal in mind- to offer PC buyers a logical alternative to high markups, limited choices and inadequate support, common in the retail PC market (Gateway.com 1). These two partners started selling hardware and software to people who owned Texas Instrument computers. The placed ads in computer related publications, selling to the end user. These two guys were the pioneers of direct-marketing in the PC industry. Finally in 1987 Ted Waitt recognized the possibility of selling fully configured computers, at good prices. This idea gave Gateway a tremendous push forward into the computer industry. In 1987 the company reported revenues of 1.5 million dollars, later in 1989, it jumped to an astounding 70.6 million dollars. Finally, in 1996, they jumping into the billions with 5.04 billion dollars. In 1993, Gateway became a traded company in the NASDAQ market system under the symbol GATE. Making improvement along the way they moved to the New York Stock Exchange on May 22, 1997 and uses the symbol GTW. On June 16, 1997 the stock split. Gateway 2000 is a leading global marketer of personal computers. Although they are a leader in global marketing they have a problem with their laptop division. the laptop division holds one of the lowest market shares in the market. Toshiba the leader in market share holds 21.2 percent of the market, Compaq holding 15.7, IBM with 12.4, Dell with 6.1, Acer with 5.0, Packard Bell with 4.4, Fujitsu with 3.4, Hitachi with 3.3, Micron with 3.2, and finally Gateway with 2.8 percent. With Gateways new and improved marketing plan, they should increase to the top over the next five years. Gateway’s current target market is the home PC user. They put forth most of their energy trying to make the customer feel comfortable with its product. They also want the customer to feel as though they made the right decision buying from Gateway. This attitude will help Gateway in selling itself. They will not need to use extreme advertising because the word of mouth is the most powerful advertising tool.

And Then God Created Teachers

And Then God Created Teachers â€Å"If a doctor makes a mistake a life is in danger, if an engineer makes a mistake a bridge/building is in danger but if a teacher makes a mistake the whole society is in danger. † Anonymous When a teacher was being created the God had to work overtime. He was amazed at the kind of values and qualities which were required in the making. He sent his special envoys to find a person who has all the ingredients which were required to make a good teacher. He provided a long list of values and qualities to them.The list included Patience, Compassion, Confidence, Mentorship, Vision, Maturity, Selfless service, Discipline, Punctuality, humility, leadership, knowledge, self motivation etc. The envoys went all over the universe and met many people but could hardly find person with all the ingredients. They observed that the qualities required for a good teacher were becoming extinct and had almost vanished from the society. Then they tried to find if som e of them wanted to become a teacher and have some of the qualities so that the other qualities can be perpetuated or inculcated. The envoys were shocked to know that no one wanted to become a teacher.Everyone wanted to pursue a career in Medicine, Engineering and all the other possible avenues in the universe except Teaching. They came back and reported the matter to God Almighty. He was puzzled by the idea of having a society without a teacher. Without teachers it was difficult for him to foresee the existence of mankind on earth. He was worried about the future of mankind without the Doctors, Engineers, Businessmen and politicians as all of them needed a teacher for their existence. Finally He decided to create special people (teachers) with all the ingredients required in the making of a good teacher.It was an uphill task but for the welfare of the society and future of mankind in particular He went on with the project of creating good teachers. It took a long time to create a g ood teacher. He created few of them and sent them to the earth as His special envoys to nurture humans who can take up the profession of their choice. Their reward was not the materialistic things but the satisfaction which they derive when they saw their students growing into Doctors, Engineers, Businessmen and taking up other professions of their choice.Thus good teachers are the special people sent to earth by the God Almighty and are rare to find. As it is rightly said in the following Doha/Shloka: â€Å"Guru Govind dou khade, kaake laagoon paye Balihari guru aapne, Govind diyo milaye. † â€Å"Gurur Brahma Gurur Vishnu, Gurur Devo Mahesh Varah. Guru Shakshat Para Brahma, Tasmai Shri Guruve Namah. † The Doha/Shloka written above will remain mere words to be chanted on the occasion of Teacher’s Day until and unless we realize the importance of teachers.The fact that today there is shortage of 13 lakh teachers in India reminds us of the lack of willingness and motivation among the youth to take up teaching as a profession. The only reason I see is that teaching is not considered a lucrative job in our country. As long as money is the main motivating factor it is not possible to motivate youth of today to take up a noble profession like teaching. Still we have time to wake up and do something about the situation otherwise all the lucrative jobs would become unachievable without the teachers. -Dedicated to all the teachers involved in the noble profession of Teaching SHALABH NIGAM

Film Camera Essay

1. What is a camera? A camera is a light-tight box containing a light sensitive material or device and a way of letting in a desired amount of light at specific times to create a picture on the light sensitive material. 2. What is a convex lens? A convex or converging lens will bend the light torward the center of the lens because one or both sides of the glass curve outward it also takes the various rays of light and bends them toward the same point which will eventually allow an image to form. 3. What three components make up a film camera? Define each part. The three components that make up a film camera are, 1. The mechanical element, which is the camera body and the parts associated with it. 2. The second one is the optical element, This is otherwise known as the camera lens, and finally, we got the chemical element, which would be the film. 4. These three different elements make up a film camera. 5. What is a pentaprism? What job does it do in the camera? 6. What are point and shoot cameras? How do they differ from SLR cameras? 7. What is JPEG? What considerations have to be kept in mind with JPEG? 8. What is the difference between optical and digital zoom? 9. What are the steps you can take to create a pinhole camera? Have you tried to make one? 10. What are some of the differences between film and digital cameras? Which one do you prefer? 11. What are some advantages of being able to see an image right after you’ve taken it (such as with an instant camera or being able to review the image on a digital camera)?

[pic]Jennifer Auvenshine Essays - Introd, Pic Language, Desmiphorini

[pic]Jennifer Auvenshine Essays - Introd, Pic Language, Desmiphorini [pic]Jennifer Auvenshine PBS300 - Introduction to Crime and Deviance Colorado State University - Global Campus Lisa A. Hoston November 5, 2017 Mod 4: Biological and Psychological Theories When it comes to criminology, many theories attempt to explain what makes a person deviant. Biological theorists point the finger at genes passed from parent to child and issues within the brain, while psychological theorists believe personality and the external factors that influence personality development are to blame. Personally, I believe that both biological and psychological factors play an essential role in how a person behaves, criminal or not. The Great Debate, Biological versus Psychological Biological theories to explain criminal behavior have been around for centuries, most of which have now been debunked. However, modern biological theories focus on a wide range of factors that are not only related to genetics, but also environmental influences such as diet, head injuries, complications that affect the nervous system, and exposure to toxins such as lead. Biological theorists do not claim that there is a specific gene responsible for criminal behavior, acknowledging in their studies that there is an interaction between biological factors and an individual's environment (Hagen, 2013). Several studies utilized twins and adopted children to prove that genetics have a direct effect on criminal behavior. While study findings are mixed in twin studies, in Dalgard and Kringlen's 1975 study, they found similar patterns concerning criminal behavior in monozygotic (identical) twins (Hagen, 2013). Adoption studies took on the classic Nature versus Nurture debate, aiming to find out of a child's behavior was more closely linked to the adoptive or biological parents. In 1972, Schlesinger found that criminality in adopted boys was higher when their biological fathers were criminals. Another study that took place in Copenhagen between 1972 and 1941 found that a father's criminality was also a good predictor of a child's behavior. Alternatively, in 1974, Crowe did not find any differences between adoptees and a control group, aside from a link to psychopathic personalities. Crowe did, however, admit that his study may be flawed due to problems with small samples (Hagen, 2013). Crowe's study is not unique in its issues. Most twin/adoption studies only involve a small number doe cases and face other issues such as unsystematic and uncontrolled samples, reliance on official records rather than blood serum group samplings, and the possibility of similar environmental treatment, such as twins growing up in identical conditions (Hagen, 2013). Other theories that show promising information have their problems as well. The XYY theory speculated that males born with an extra Y chromosome were predisposed to aggressive and violent behavior, and while one study suggested that a larger portion of incarcerated criminals possessed the extra Y chromosome, another found no difference. Furthermore, inmates who did possess an extra Y chromosome were found to be less violent than their incarcerated counterparts (Hagen, 2013). Sociobiology is another interesting perspective that "insists on the genetic basis for human behavioral differences" (Hagen, 2013, p. 138), stating that a person's reaction to any given situation is modified by biochemistry and cellular reactions in the brain. One study suggests that brain injury at birth contributes to criminality and another found that children with ADHD are at high risk for delinquency (Hagen, 2013). When considering that the brain regulates emotion and impulse control, while untreated ADHD causes impulsivity and ADHD medications can cause aggression, it is hard to argue with these findings. Although, they too are pulled from limited case studies, and the research is limited by small samples, is over-reliant on already incarcerated subjects, and often have poor sampling procedures (Hagen, 2013). Psychological Theories Psychology focuses on an individual's personality, behavior, and their mind, which leads many adherents to the psychological approach to criminality to focus more on the rehabilitation of criminals than the causes of their criminality (Hagen, 2013). Sigmund Freud viewed the person as being made of three parts: id, ego, and superego. The id is the instinctive, animal self, while the superego is the refined part that seeks to be accepted by society, and the ego is the referee between the conflicting id and superego. Some followers of Freud believe that the inability to control instincts is due to an inadequate ego and superego. Others proport that crime is a substitute response to the primary goals being blocked, while others say that crime is committed when an individual has an unconscious desire to be punished (Hagen, 2013). Psychometry, a field that is dedicated to measuring the psychological differences in criminals and non-criminals, has been unable to find conclusive evidence of specific personality traits

3 Cases of Poorly Constructed Short Lists

3 Cases of Poorly Constructed Short Lists 3 Cases of Poorly Constructed Short Lists 3 Cases of Poorly Constructed Short Lists By Mark Nichol In each of the following sentences, the writer is under the misapprehension that the statement includes a list of three words and/or phrases; in fact, each sentence includes a compound list item and a simple list item (or at least is better rendered so that it does), for a total of two items. Discussion of each example explains the problem, and a revision after each sentence resolves the problem. 1. These projects provide the needed insight as to where these measures work, don’t work, and why. One solution for this sentence is to express the elements completely: â€Å"These projects provide the needed insight as to where these measures work, where they don’t work, and why they don’t work.† However, a simpler, more concise solution is to combine work and â€Å"don’t work† into one element: â€Å"These projects provide the needed insight as to where these measures work or don’t work and why.† 2. Many lament a system that is unfair, discriminatory, and one where the American Dream is out of reach. Sentences such as this, as with the first revision in the previous example, can often be repaired by supporting the middle element of the list with phrasing parallel to that of the first and last elements, but the final element is problematic, too, so the simplest approach is to pair unfair and discriminatory: â€Å"Many lament a system that is unfair and discriminatory, and one where the American Dream is out of reach.† (Those words may seem redundant, but in context they are distinct.) 3. The convergence of increased regulation, the need for modernization and innovation, combined with an exponential increase in cyber risk, creates a major challenge for insurance companies.   The complication in this sentence is that â€Å"combined with an exponential increase in cyber risk† is treated as a list item rather than a related but distinct parenthetical. In addition, the second item, with its â€Å"a and b† structure, is already complex. But the simple first item and the complex second item can easily be bridged with a conjunction rather than a comma to become syntactically valid: â€Å"The convergence of increased regulation and the need for modernization and innovation, combined with an exponential increase in cyber risk, creates a major challenge for insurance companies.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Is She a "Lady" or a "Woman"?Expanded and ExtendedThe 7 Types of Possessive Case

Military Personnel and its Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Military Personnel and its Benefits - Essay Example Sadly, the mundane world is governed by economic and strategic constraints. Still, in a starkly pragmatic context, the reality is that in the contemporary scenario, not only the military personnel are getting less than sufficient benefits, but such curtailing and liquidation of benefits could have dire consequences for the national security and the overall morale of the military. Lately, the Congress and the Federal administration has been vociferously evincing the desire to not only downsize the military but also to cut on the benefits to military personnel and the veterans, going by the current economic meltdown and the recessionary trends (Scarborough A01). The direct conclusion that could be drawn from such intentions is that not only the nation does not have enough money to pay the salary to military personnel, but the military personnel could also expect a further cut in the benefits being extended to them. One thing that needs to be kept on the mind is that the proposed cuts are not in consonance with the nation’s strategic requirements, but rather are the results of the hypothetical financial calculations being resorted to being the Congress (Bennett 1). Hence, any shrinking in the number of armed personnel or the benefits they deserve could have dire consequences for the strategic interests of the United States of America. The army serves the Congress. These curtailing of the military benefits will send a direct message to the military ranks that the Congress does no more afford to pay them. Even a cursory perusal of the fundamentals of HR will amply testify to the fact that such a message is bound to negatively impact the morale of the army (Maze 1). How would a soldier dare to sacrifice one’s life in the line of duty, while his conscience is bothered by the worry as to whether he will be able to provide for his family and loved ones (Maze 1)? One other important thing is that the special perks and benefits accorded to the military personnel  serve a pivotal function.  

Thanks my old friend Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Thanks my old friend - Essay Example But I later learnt that patience is one of the best things required in attaining great things in life especially friendship. It was not until I had a chance to perform to my new friends in high school that I realized that I had a wonderful lesson. My high school friends were very supportive when they realized my great talent in playing piano. They applauded my great coordination skills that i meticulously used any time I played the piano. They said that I had a great skill that could take me to great places especially my outstanding ability of matching up my fingers, brain and the music. Certainly all these were due to my grand relationship with the piano. I believe piano contributed to my extraordinary performance in academic work. The piano training was the hardest lesson I ever had thus making other academic lessons easy to learn to comprehend. Music lessons have contributed to my larger vocabulary command because of the languages that most artists use in their performance. My abi lity to remember things has always increased perhaps because of the many songs I memorize. Additionally, piano lessons have made me gain wonderful discipline in the way i deal with any issue in life. Because of the challenging piano lessons I underwent, I have attained great discipline skills and patience which I have constantly applied in my academics as well as tackling daily life issues. I have been able to clearly listen to different kinds of sounds because of the constant use of different tones in music and I believe this has led to improvement of my hearing skills. I have great opportunities of performing in various functions such as birthday parties, high school and even... Piano lessons have made me gain wonderful discipline in the way I deal with any issue in life. Because of the challenging piano lessons I underwent, I have attained great discipline skills and patience which I have constantly applied in my academics as well as tackling daily life issues. I have been able to clearly listen to different kinds of sounds because of the constant use of different tones in music and I believe this has led to the improvement of my hearing skills. I have great opportunities of performing in various functions such as birthday parties, high school and even in the church. This has actually elevated my social status and made me feel great. Indeed my piano has introduced me to many things such as having new friends. I have been able to travel to many places in the name of performance and it has really been encouraging. I have enjoyed my relationship with the computer. It has been splendid and special. The piano and music have been there for me anytime I needed the m and our affiliation will certainly go far. Since nature gives us the chance to choose our friends, I think I made the best choice because I have never regretted. The piano has never stopped revealing to me some secrets of music anytime I perform and it has always remained loyal to me even when I almost lose hope in life. The piano has wonderfully cheered me up especially when I am upset thus making me feel special and improving my life. It has genuinely made me feel happy by supporting and entertaining me every time my spirit is down.

Law of property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Law of property - Essay Example The unity of interest element requires parties to a joint tenancy to have the same type of interest and equal share in the property5. If the unity of interest requirement negated, this results in severance of the joint tenancy into a tenancy in common6.With regard to the unity of title requirement, this stipulates that the parties’ proprietary interests in the property must derive from the same legal title and at the same time. Commonly this will require evidence through deed or will7. Unity of time can often be problematic and academic discourse has significantly criticised this requirement particularly due to the requirement that property rights must vest in each joint tenant simultaneously8. In applying these principles to the current scenario, Albert used the proceeds of the sale of Sunrise Lodge to purchase Greengables. It is evident that Barbara’s mortgage payments to Sunrise Lodge accounted for 30% of the overall purchase costs and as such, the proceeds of the sale of Sunrise Lodge were held on trust for Barbara under constructive trust9. With regard to Greengables, Albert, Barbara and Charles bought the Property together in 1997 with the conveyance expressed as being in the joint names of all three parties. On this basis, it would appear that at the time of purchase, the four unities requirement for the existence of a joint tenancy have been complied with. Accordingly, at the time of purchase, Albert, Barbara and Charles held the Property as joint tenants in equal shares. However, the legal joint tenancy can be rebutted if the factual reality of the ownership arrangement falls within the equitable presumption of a tenancy in common10. The conditions for the equitable presumption of a tenancy in common were extrapolated in the case of Robertson v Fraser11, where Lord Hatherley highlighted that any

Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency: Carbon Isotopic Composition

Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency: Carbon Isotopic Composition Determination of intrinsic water use efficiency of different Mediterranean forest species by carbon isotopic composition Abstract An experiment will be conducted to study the C-13 composition in the tissues of Pinus halepensis, Quercus ilex and Arbutus unedo under different water availability conditions. C-13 composition will be determined using elemental analyser. An ANOVA will be conducted to analyze the composition of C-13 within the plant tissue of plants in different water availability conditions. We will compare the C-13 compositions in the plant tissues of the species within same year with relation to water availability. The relationship between the C-13 composition in the plant tissue and water use efficiency (WUEi), different strategies to couple water stress will also be discussed. Introduction The Mediterranean landscape has low precipitation and humidity, and high sun intensity with less productive soil (FAO, 2010). Previous studies show that changes are occurring in the amount, intensity, frequency and type of precipitation with climate change. Mediterranean Forests are generally composed of broadleaf and pine species. All the species have different water requirements. It is needed to determine the intrinsic water use efficiency of main species (Pinus halepensis, Arbutus unedoandQuercus ilex) of the landscape for better compositional management of the landscapes keeping in view the water demands of the species. Literature review The Mediterranean region has limited and unevenly distributed water resources with only 1.2% of total renewable water resources (FAO, 2010). The basin has high sun light and low humidity. The freshwater resources are expected to decrease upto 20-30% in 1950 due to global warming. The mediterranean region is most vulnerable to the climate change (Milano et al., 2012). The region is rich in biodiversity. Quercus (broad leaf) is well-represented genus, with a great range of species including Q. ilex (FAO, 2010). Oak is also a heritage plant in Portugal (Galmà ©s et al., 2007). Pinus halepensis and Arbutus unedo are the two other prominent species of the Mediterranean region (Molina et al., 2012). P. halepensis has water saver behavior and Q. ilex behaves like water spender (Baquedano et al., 2006). Water stress affects the vegetation production by a reduction of the leaf area, the stomatal conductance and the CO2 uptake and hence of the photosynthesis, and by a slowdown of root elevati on and development (Verstraeten et al., 2006). Under water stress conditions, plants exhibit several short to long-term adaptive responses. Reduced stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E) due to closing of stomata (gs) is the first functional adaptations to water shortage (Galmà ©s et al., 2007). The adaptive responses are related with carbon splitting and create changes in vegetative and fruit growth (Chalmers and Ende, 1975: Hsiao, 1973). The intensity and duration of water stress, whether imposed via irrigation or resulting from natural drought, may affect leaf gas exchange and nutrient uptake (Boyer, 1996 and Flexas and Medrano, 2002). Oak tree minimizes water potential of the leave to extract water from a region of higher water potential that is soil (Guehl and Aussenac, 1987; Lo Gullo and Salleo, 1988). Plant takes carbon (C-12 and C-13) during photosynthesis. In normal water conditions, Plants prefer carbon 12 during photosynthesis (Farquhar et al., 1989). This is called carbon-12 discrimination (Craig, 1957). The discrimination takes place in two levels. Firstly, it takes place during gas exchange through stomata. Secondly, the discrimination is by RuBisCO enzyme (Farquhar et al., 1989). In stressed conditions, plants tend to minimize water loss through closing stomata. This will also decrease the gaseous exchange through stomata. In this condition, there is not adequate carbon dioxide in the leave tissue for photosynthesis. So plants have no more preference for carbon-12. They take both carbon-12 and carbon-13 (Ferrio, 2003). Problem statement Mediterranean ecosystems are strongly limited by a long and intense drought period that coincides with the hottest period. Moreover, in the next decades, the Mediterranean region of the Iberian Peninsula is predicted to face a 20% decrease in precipitation, and an increase of 2–3 °C in temperature (MARM, 2009), all of which will lead to higher water stress. Plant growth in the region is strictly limited by drought in recent scenario (Rey and Alcà ¡ntara, 2000, Quero etal., 2008andGonzà ¡lez-Rodrà ­guez etal., 2011). The field simulations suggest that in future, this will become even more problematic (Matà ­as etal., 2012) due to climate change (Milano et al., 2012). The pressure on freshwater resources will also increase because of tourism, tanning, food and textile industry and agriculture sector. Possible future changes in water resources availability in this densely populated region may have dramatic societal and environmental effects (Gracia-Ruiz et al., 2011). With shortage of water, we have to face desertification, erosion and food security problem. Both broad and narrow leaf species are inhabited here (FAO, 2010). All species of the landscape vary in their water requirement. Some species consumes more water than the others. So we have to identify the species with lower water requirement and better strategies to cope the water scarcity problem. It is needed to determine the intrinsic water use efficiency of main species (Pinus halepensis, Arbutus unedoandQuercus ilex) of the landscape for better compositional management of the landscapes keeping in view the water demands of the species. Research Questions: Which one is the best suited species among P. halepensis, A. unedoandQ. ilex for the water scarced Mediterranean landscape? Specific Objectives: To analyze the intrinsic water use efficiencies of P. halepensis, A. unedoandQ. ilex over space. To analyze the intrinsic water use efficiencies of P. halepensis, A. unedoandQ. ilex over time to determine the best species for the future landscape composition to minimize the water consumption. To determine variability in water requirements of the P. halepensis, A. unedoandQ. ilex Hypothesis: Intrinsic water use efficiency of P. halepensis, A. unedoandQ. ilex is same and they consume same amount of water. There is no variability in the water requirement of P. halepensis, A. unedoandQ. ilex over space. Limitation The time to analyze the temporal and spatial changes is short. Materials and Methodology Plant samples of three species will be collected from botanical garden, arboretum of University of Lleida, Spain. The water supply will be artificially varied. Carbon-13 composition of collected samples will be analyzed by Europa Scientific 20-20 IRMS coupled to a Europa Scientific elemental analyser. Plant C-13 analyses are currently used for a diverse range of applications including environmental (Ferrio, 2003) and ecophysiological studies (Arens et al., 2000; Kohn, 2010). The data will be analyzed by ANOVA. References Arens NC, Jahren AH, Amundson R. 2000.Can C3 plants faithfully record the carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric carbon dioxide? Paleobiology 26:137–164. Boyer J. (1996). Advances in drought tolerance in plants. Adv. Agron., 56 (1996), pp. 187–218 Chalmers D.J., and Ende B.V.D. (1975). A Reappraisal of the Growth and Development of Peach Fruit. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 2(4) 623 – 634 Craig H. 1957. Isotopic standards for carbon and oxygen and correction factors for mass-spectrometric analysis of carbon dioxide. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 12: 133–149. FAO (2010).Aquastat–Systà ¨me d’information de la FAO sur l’eau et l’agriculture Farquhar G.D., Ehleringer J.R., Hubick K.T., 1989. Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 40, 503-537 Ferrio J.P., Voltas J., Araus J.L. (2003). Use of carbon isotope composition in monitoring environmental changes. Management of Environmental Quality 14, 82-98. Flexas J., Medrano H. (2002). Drought-inhibition of photosynthesis in C3 plants: Stomatal and non-stomatal limitations revisited. Ann. Bot., 89 (2), pp. 183–189. Galmà ©s j., Medrano H., Flexas J. (2007). Photosynthetic limitations in response to water stress and recovery in Mediterranean plants with different growth forms. New Phytol. 175 (1), pp. 81–93 Guehl JM, Aussenac G (1987). Photosynthesis decrease and stomatal control of gas exchange in Abies alba Mill. in response to vapour pressure difference. Plant Physiol 83:316–322 Hsiao T.C. (1973). Plant responses to water stress. Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol., 24 (1) (1973), pp. 519–570 J.L. Quero, L. Gà ³mez-Aparicio, R. Zamora, F.T. Maestre (2008). Shifts in the regeneration niche of an endangered tree (Acer opalus ssp. granatense) during ontogeny: using an ecological concept for application. Basic Appl. Ecol., 9, pp. 635–644 J.M. Garcia-Ruiz, J.I. Lopez-Moreno, S.M. Vicente Serrano, T. Lasanta-Martinez, S. Begueria (2011). Mediterranean water resources in a global change scenario. Earth-Science Reviews, 105, pp. 121–139 Kohn MJ. 2010. Carbon isotope compositions of terrestrial C3 plants as indicators of (paleo) ecology and (paleo) climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 107: 19691–19695 Matà ­as L., Quero J.L., Zamora R., Castro J., (2012). Evidence for plant traits driving specific drought resistance. A community field experiment. Environ. Exp. Bot., 81, pp. 55–61 Lo Gullo MA, Salleo S (1988). Different strategies of drought resistance in three Mediterranean sclerophyllous trees growing in the same environmental conditions. New Phytologist 108:267–276 M. Milano, D. Ruelland, S. Fernandez, A. Dezetter, J. Fabre, E. Servat (2012). Facing climatic and anthropogenic changes in the Mediterranean basin: What will be the medium-term impact on water stress? Comptes Rendus Geoscience. 344(9), pp. 432-440 P.J. Rey, J.M. Alcà ¡ntara (2000). Recruitment dynamics of a fleshy-fruited plant (Olea europaea): connecting patterns of seed dispersal to seedling establishment. J.Ecol., 88, pp. 622–633 Quinta Comunicacià ³n Nacional de Espaà ±a (2009). Convencià ³n Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climà ¡tico Diciembre, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. V. Gonzà ¡lez-Rodrà ­guez, R. Villar, R. Casado, E. Suà ¡rez-Bonnet, J.L. Quero, R. Navarro Cerrillo (2011) Spatio-temporal heterogeneity effects on seedling growth and establishment in four Quercus species. Ann. For. Sci., 68, pp. 1217–1232 Baquedano F. J., Castillo F.J. (2006).Comparative ecophysiological effects of drought on seedlings of the Mediterranean water-saver Pinus halepensis and water-spenders Quercus coccifera and Quercus ilex. Trees. 20:689–700.

Cloning :: essays research papers fc

Cloning is a big issue now. Many arguments are going on about cloning humans being immoral. But what is cloning? Cloning is one or more offspring from a single ancestor; the genetic composition from the ancestor is identical to the offspring. No sex is involved in the production of clones, and since sex is the normal means by which new genetic material is introduced during procreation, clones have no choice having the same genes as their only parent. A clone of cells refers to the descendants of a single parent cell. Tumours are actually clones too. They are derived from one cell that no longer obeys the normal rules of growth control. Corals are another example of clones. Identical twins are even clones that are produced by splitting of a single embryo. So to keep it simple, members of a clone are genetically identical. Here is a diagram of how cloning is scientifically done.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The benefits of cloning might include, building a mass army of look-alikes or recreating Einstein or Elvis. You could clone livestock for steady supplies of food. There is no guarantee that the first cloned human will be normal. The fetus might get some disorder or disability that can’t be detectable by ultrasound. They might be born disabled. Disorders may show up later in their life. Such problems have been seen in other cloned mammals, such as reproductive problems. There is no reason to that this won’t happen in a humans’ case. Large scale cloning could eliminate genetic originality. It is diversity that causes evolution and adaptation. It prevents an entire species from disappearing because of a disease. The people out there who are childless because of a rare hereditary disease would be able to produce offspring that were genetically theirs. However, if the cloned sheep â€Å"Dolly† were anything to go by then less than one in a hundred success rate would cause many problems. More importantly, it is quite possible that cloned individuals will turn out to be at risk. We do not yet know the long-term effects of making an old adult cell nucleus to begin a new life again in an egg. Cloning :: essays research papers fc Cloning is a big issue now. Many arguments are going on about cloning humans being immoral. But what is cloning? Cloning is one or more offspring from a single ancestor; the genetic composition from the ancestor is identical to the offspring. No sex is involved in the production of clones, and since sex is the normal means by which new genetic material is introduced during procreation, clones have no choice having the same genes as their only parent. A clone of cells refers to the descendants of a single parent cell. Tumours are actually clones too. They are derived from one cell that no longer obeys the normal rules of growth control. Corals are another example of clones. Identical twins are even clones that are produced by splitting of a single embryo. So to keep it simple, members of a clone are genetically identical. Here is a diagram of how cloning is scientifically done.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The benefits of cloning might include, building a mass army of look-alikes or recreating Einstein or Elvis. You could clone livestock for steady supplies of food. There is no guarantee that the first cloned human will be normal. The fetus might get some disorder or disability that can’t be detectable by ultrasound. They might be born disabled. Disorders may show up later in their life. Such problems have been seen in other cloned mammals, such as reproductive problems. There is no reason to that this won’t happen in a humans’ case. Large scale cloning could eliminate genetic originality. It is diversity that causes evolution and adaptation. It prevents an entire species from disappearing because of a disease. The people out there who are childless because of a rare hereditary disease would be able to produce offspring that were genetically theirs. However, if the cloned sheep â€Å"Dolly† were anything to go by then less than one in a hundred success rate would cause many problems. More importantly, it is quite possible that cloned individuals will turn out to be at risk. We do not yet know the long-term effects of making an old adult cell nucleus to begin a new life again in an egg.

Assess the functionalist explanations of social inequality Essay

Asses the Functionalist explanations of Social Inequality. (40) Social Inequality refers to any difference between groups or individuals in society which results in one having inferior life chances than the other. Functionalists believe these inequalities are the result of the meritocracy we live in. This is a system based on the idea that social stratification is necessary and desirable for the society. Functionalists argue that inequalities have a purpose; they are functional for society. Functionalism is a structural theory based on the notion that society is based on shared values. This consensus means that society will be in a state of equilibrium and there is harmony, as a result of which there will be social solidarity. Inequalities, functionalists argue, exist in all societies and are inevitable and necessary. Durkheim argued that industrial societies are complex. Within these complex societies social inequality and social difference were an inevitable and important part of maintaining social order and preventing a state of ‘anomie’ or chaos. He believed that society needs specialists to undertake the various jobs and roles required to make it run smoothly. This harmony could be achieved by a division of labour whereby people have different jobs based on their talents. Some of the jobs would have higher status than others and greater rewards and power, for example jobs such as lawyers, doctors and barristers. People would accept this as long as they could see that the system was fair. Conflict might occur but it could be controlled by socialisation. Socialisation was the process whereby shared values could be passed from one generation to the next. Disharmony might arise when people felt the system was not fair, for example, when large bonuses are paid to bankers during a recession. Parsons developed on Durkheim’s ideas and stated that in industrialised society’s stratification, and therefore inequality, exists on the basis of which roles are agreed to be the most important, and therefore the most functional for society. The agreement occurs because people are socialised into the shared norms and values of society, initially by the family, and subsequently by education and other agents of socialisation. The value consensus that results is what holds society together and it gives it social order. Sharing a common identity gives people a sense of purpose and a commitment to the maintenance of society. These values also give people common goals such as to work hard. People have a number of roles that women are most naturally suited for and  the instrumental roles of men. These roles are ascribed rather than achieved. Two other functionalists, Davis and Moore, have built on the ideas of Parsons and Durkhiem. They argue that society needs the most talented people to perform the most skilled jobs and therefore has to pay them accordingly and give them high status. There is a meritocracy and the most able will, through the examination system, be allocated to the most important jobs. Their class position w ill reflect this role allocation. There is an expectation that the most talented will be prepared to make sacrifices early on to be educated and trained, and for this they will be rewarded later. The examination system will ‘sift and sort’ people into appropriate jobs. This means that the system is legitimated. The stratification that results will ensure those at the top work to maintain their position and those lower down try to better themselves. However people do not all start from the same point, therefore a true meritocracy is not possible. Society is not harmonious. Functionalists present an over rosy picture of social inequality being a positive force for the society. There is evidence of conflict between social groups in the form of strike as well as disaffection amongst, for e.g. young people who cannot get work. Differences between men and women are socially constructed. Their identity is formed by the expectations the society holds against their gender, therefore they will behave the way the society expects them to. There is not a consensus with regard to which are the most important jobs; for e.g. bankers are paid very well but most people would proba bly argue that nurses are more important to society. Some groups start with more power and status and are therefore are able to ensure they and their children get access to the education that will mean they then get a higher status jobs. Life chances are affected by status and wealth and the poor have less access to opportunity to gain access and wealth. Tumin argued that going to universities is not really a sacrifice, although many people in the UK would probably argue it will be as fees go up. The work of the functionalists is not supported by empirical evidence, particularly with regard to the idea that there is a value consensus. Marxism is based on the macro theory which, like functionalism, is concerned with the structure of society. Marxism explains inequalities in societies such as the UK by examining the ways in which the bourgeoisie exploit and oppress the working class or  proletariat. Inequalities are a result of the economic arrangements people make to meet their basic needs. Bowles and Gintis used Marxist ideas to explain how the education system reproduced the ideas of the ruling class and legitimated inequalities. They argue students’ experience of schooling is an alienating one. School specifically prepares students for their future as workers in a capitalist system. They argue that school does not prepare everyone in the same way it prepares them according to their future position in society. Bowles and Gintis believe that schools are not meritocratic and that claiming they are is part of the ruling class ideology persuading people that inequalities are fair. Neo Marxists have developed on the ideas of Marxism. They argue that the infrastructure and the social relations that arise from it are important in understanding inequalities, but so too is the role of ideas and culture. They particularly focus on a number of areas to explain inequalities. Areas such as the role of the media; the dominance of the ruling class; the nature of the class str ucture; and the relationship between cultural, social, and economic capital. Weber argued that stratification is not just based on the economic relationships people enter into, as Marx argued, but the standing or status a person had and the political influence or power a person might have as a result of membership of a political party or trade union. Class, status and party are all linked to power. However, he accepted that class is the most important determinant of the three in relation to the acquisition of life chances and inequality. Postmodernists argued that the world was becoming increasingly characterised by uncertainty and diversity which cannot be explained by the old grand narratives, that is, the traditional sociological theories. The service sector is now bigger than the primary and secondary sectors. People do not see themselves in class terms; they construct their identities via the media and what they consume. For postmodernists the key to inequalities lies in the development of the post industrial world and the fact that the production of kno wledge has taken precedence over manufacturing.

Sources of Capital: Owner’s Equity

Owner’s Equity as a Source of Capital Sources of capital come in two forms: debt and equity. Obtaining permanent capital through equity is the capital supplied by the entity’s owners. It is the owner’s share in the financing of all the assets. Richard Scott, United States accounting professor wrote, â€Å"one of the most deep-seated, and incontrovertible concepts embraced by accounting theory today is that of owner’s equity. † Through analysis of the case, we found this to be true. There are different financing costs both a company and its investors face when considering equity financing. It is strangely fascinating that often times, equity financing becomes more costly than debt financing. The analysis of opportunity for both sides of the transaction, financier and debtor, requires multiple formulas and calculations. Options for financing vary in pre-tax earnings and return on investment. For this reason, the options should be thoroughly analyzed to find the best yield for both parties, company and investor. Innovative Engineering Company was founded as a partnership, and within five years became a thriving business bringing with it both success and the need for new permanent capital. The two partners, Gale and Yeaton, estimated the capital need at $1. 2 million. Initially, the partners found interested investors, but none willing to risk their personal assets by participating in a partnership. Though incorporation is more costly and subject to numerous regulations, it provides limited liability to its investors and the ability to raise capital through bonds and stock. The partners planned to form a corporation to secure investors. Under incorporation, owner’s equity becomes stockholder’s equity. The two types of equity are purchased equity, consisting of preferred stock, common stock, and paid in capital, and that of earned equity, also referred to as retained earnings. The later represents profits earned by the company and retained in the business. Owner’s equity is shown on the balance sheet and within the statement of owner’s equity in a company’s financial statements, and is most commonly influenced by income and dividends. Four proposals were developed to attempt to meet the needs of investors in the Innovative Engineering case and the two original partners struggled to maintain ownership control. Proposal A includes a $1. million long-term loan, giving Arbor Capital Corporation 10% common stock. Proposal B includes $200,000 debt, $900,000 preferred stock, and $100,000 common stock. Proposal C includes $600,000 debt, $600,000 equity with 40% common stock. Proposal D includes $300,000 debt, $900,000 equity with 50% common stock. Calculating the impli cations of each proposal is necessary to seek further investors and find the best option for both sides of the transaction. Gale and Yeaton assumed an interest cost of debt at 8% and a dividend rate for preferred stock at 10%. They also assumed pessimistic, best guess, and optimistic variables. The applicable tax rate is 34%. The return on common shareholder’s equity earned under each of the three income assumptions is as follows: Proposal A: Debt = $1,100,000 Taxes= 34% Payment on Debt = $1,100,000(. 08) = $88,000 Common Stock = $1,000,000 Pessimistic NI – Interest Expense+ Tax Savings/Common Stock = $100,000 – 88,000+34,000 = 46,000/1,000,000 = 4. 6% Best Guess $300,000-88,000+102,000 = 314,000/1,000,000 = 31. 4% Optimistic $500,000 – 88,000+170,000 = 514,000/1,000,000 = 51. 4% Proposal B: Debt = $200,000 Payment on Debt = $200,000(. 08) = $16,000 Preferred Stock = $900,000 Dividend Payment for Preferred Stock = $900,000(. 0) = $90,000 Common Stock = $100,000 Common Shareholder’s equity = 1,000,000 Taxes = 34% Pessimistic NI-Interest Expense-Preferred Div+ Tax Savings/Common Stock $100,000-16,000-90,000+34000 = 28,000/1,000,000 = 2. 8% Best Guess $300,000-16,000-90,000+ 102,000= 296,000/1,000,000 = 29. 6% Optimistic $500,000-16,000-90,00 0+170,000 = 564,000/1,000,000 = 56. 4% Proposal C: Debt = $600,000 Payment on Debt = $48,000 Common Stock = $1,500,000 Taxes = 34% Pessimistic NI-Interest Expense+Tax Savings/Common Stock $100,000-48,000+34,000 = 86,000/1,500,000 = 5. 7% Best Guess $300,000-48,000+102,000 = 354,000/1,500,000 =23. 6% Optimistic 500,000-48,000+170,000 = 622,000/1,500,000 = 41. 47% Proposal D: Debt = $300,000 Common Stock = $1,800,000 Taxes = 34% Pessimistic NI-Debt+Tax Savings/Common Stock $100,000-24,000+34,000 = 110,000/1,800,000 = 6. 1% Best Guess $300,000-24,000+102,000 = 378000/1,800,000= 21% Optimistic $500,000-24,000+170,000 = 646,000/1,800,000 = 35. 89% From this, we see proposal D is the optimal investment strategy for Arbor Capital Corporation. The three income assumptions provide higher returns at a more constant rate than the other proposals. For Innovative Engineering Company, proposals A and B are more ideal for meeting their control needs. For a further analysis of earnings, the pre-tax earnings and return on investment are calculated as follows: Pre-Tax = 100,000 / (1-. 34) = 151,515. 15 Proposal A: Debt = $1,100,000 Common Stock = $100,000 Interest = $88,000 Dividend = $21,200 Pre-Tax Earnings = $109,200 (sum – common stock and debt) Return on Investment = 9% (pre-tax earnings / $1,200,000) Proposal B: Debt = $200,000 Preferred Stock = $900,000 Common Stock = $100,000 Interest = $16,000 Preferred Dividend =$90,000 Common Dividend =$10,000 Pre-Tax Earnings = -$64,000 Return on Investment = -5% Proposal C: Debt = $600,000 Common Stock = $600,000 Interest = $48,000 Common Dividend = $240,000 Pre-Tax Earnings = $288,000 Return on Investment = 24% Proposal D: Debt =$300,000 Common Stock = $900,000 Interest = $24,000 Common Dividend = $450,000 Pre-Tax Earnings = $474,000 Return on Investment = 40% Again, proposal D shows the most promise for Arbor Capital Corporation, with larger pre-tax earnings and a greater return on investment. Innovative Engineering Company is in a good position and has options. They should not consider proposal B. Proposal A will give them greater control over the company but comes with large debt financing and is risky. They should consider other investors and should look at options such as warrants. They should further research their options for a large loan. We have found debt financing can be cheaper than equity financing and should be considered. We are certain Innovative Engineering Company could find more attractive financing than proposal D. They should have more options, because their need is success driven versus a start-up company. From outside research we have found there is a natural definition of market efficiency relating capital stock and investment flow. Obviously, equity finance should not be used if it becomes more expensive than debt financing. The company can create value by managing these sources of capital, finding an optimal balance of both. Works Cited Anthony, R. N. , Hawkins, D. F. & Merchant, K. A. (2007). Accounting Text & Cases (12th ed. ). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Frieden, Roy (2010). â€Å"Asymmetric information and economics. † Physica A. Volume 389 Issue 2. Scott, Richard (1979). â€Å"Owner’s Equity, The Anachronistic Element. † The Accounting Review. Volume 4.